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If we sample evolution sparsely, it will look like a revolution. While the world of cellular communications went through an evolution from the eighties onwards, sampling at the break of each decade with a “G” tag made us see it as a revolution.
Generation 1: THE EMERGENCE (80s)
Even though the whole idea of cellular telephony was around since 1947, it wasn’t until the seventies that the technology was ready for a viable implementation (the wireless phones of the old age, the 0G as we know it today, weren’t cellular, i.e. there were no cell towers and cell structure).
Once the underlying technology was available, the stage was set for the first generation of mobile cellular communications to emerge. But into what world was it going to come? In a world where the telecommunications business was a national business (ahem, a monopoly). This is why the standards of 1G (it was still not called 1G, of course) varied over the continents and national borders, with NMT in Scandinavia, AMPS in USA, TACS in the UK, C-450 in Germany and NTT in Japan. They were developed from the early seventies in the national labs (e.g. Bell Labs in the US) to be officially accepted and put in action in late 70s or early 80s. From the technological side, it’s important to note that it was an analog technology: the revolution of 1G was its mere existence.
Generation 2: CELL GOES DIGITAL (90s)
The early nineties brought us GSM. That acronym (originally standing for Groupe Spécial Mobile, then edited to Global System for Mobile Communications) proliferated to the everyday use so much that it became (erroneously) synonymous to cellular telephony in some parts of the world. And there it was, the digital revolution of cell phones: GSM was fundamentally the digital standard to rule them all. It went on to unite Europe in the very beginning under a single umbrella, and continued with its worldwide proliferation to become the world’s most widely used mobile standard today. It is everywhere. Again, the development began early in the previous decade, now led by the united wireless forces of Europe. What it brought us right away was international roaming, SMS (texts) and sim cards (yes, 1G didn’t have those). It was hailed as the second generation mobile standard, so we got the 1G/2G nomenclature as well.
In 2G and all the generations to follow, we have to have a way to share a channel between multiple users: otherwise, there would be a maximum of around 50 users in a 10 mile cell. The approach selected in GSM was TDMA (time division multiple access), having different users use the same frequency in different time slots.
The relation between 2G and GSM isn’t an equivalence, though. While GSM was and still is a dominant standard (by the force of increasing returns), alternative TDMA and CDMA (code division multiple access, dividing the channel traffic based on pseudorandom codes given to users, army’s long used method of spread spectrum) schemes were employed around the world.
Now, the revolution vs. evolution story: 2G wasn’t frozen in time until early noughties and 3G. The space for an evolution was immediately recognised and it resulted in 2.5G and 2.75/2.9G. 2.5G was the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) into GSM, allowing packet switching: splitting the communication into data packets and sending them through a channel which is not occupied all the time, like in the previously used circuit switching. 2.9G took this a step further with Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) which, unsurprisingly, enhanced the data rate of GPRS by the factor of three by introducing a new modulation technique. The first viable internet connections over cellular come with these advancements of 2G data traffic.
Generation 3: THE RATES OF THE NEW MILLENIUM (00s)
Data rates of at least 200 kbit/s were set as a lowest limit for a solution that would be dubbed 3G. Voice was not enough anymore, and 2G’s digital revolution had to be matched by a new data revolution in the new millenium, enabling voice, video and internet in a mobile scenario. CDMA was the basis of the new 3G, and again we weren’t able to make one standard to rule them all: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) came in GSM-dominated markets, while CDMA2000 came as a successor of the already existing CDMA schemes in 2G. Both standards were developed from the early nineties.
EDGE could jump over the 200kbit/s threshold, but it was still a thing of the 2G past. The future was code divided.
Again, 3G went on a road to the next generation with significant improvements to the standard: 3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G. The threshold of 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation set by IMT-Advanced (4G official requirements) prevented these variants from becoming ‘true’ 4G. WiMAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+, coming after HSPA as 3.5G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) were later ‘accepted’ as 4G (but yeah, that’s 3.9G), to recognise their advanced status and the clear difference with respect to traditional 3G. HSPA+, for instance, introduced multiple antennas at the base station (Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO), beamforming and other advanced antenna array techniques.
Generation 4: MAGIC (10s)
4G is MAGIC: Mobile multimedia, Anywhere, Global mobility solutions over Integrated wireless and Customized services. This convergence of multimedia (and pretty much everything goes) and technology was the idea of 4G. Wireless and wired (optical networks, anyone?) need a seamless interface, and so does everything wireless. 4G went with Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) to replace 3G’s CDMA as a way of sharing the communication channel.
And since LTE is an Evolution, the advanced versions of LTE (unsurprisingly called LTE-Advanced) reached all the strict requirements of IMT-Advanced for 4G. On their way, they introduced self organising networks, bigger MIMO, device-to-device (D2D) communication and quite a few other smart innovations.
And again, we havethe fractional parts: 4.5G and 4.9G marking the transition of LTE (in the stage called LTE-Advanced Pro) getting us more MIMO, more D2D on the way to IMT-2020 and the requirements of 5G.
Generation 5: ALL YOU CAN IOT DATA (20s)
Massive MIMO, milimetre wave, small cells, Li-Fi all the new technologies from the previous decade could be used to give 10Gb/s to a user, with an unseen low latency, and allow connections for at least 100 billion devices. New use cases await, including the pervasive Internet of Things (IoT) story and even more technology convergence. And Cognitive Radio! It’s not dead.
If we don’t get to use all the new and shiny tech for 5G, we can always leave it for 5.5G or 6G.
And that’s how the story of generations goes: there are incremental advances in communication technology on a daily basis, and substantial, even revolutionary ones every now and then, but they have to wait for the policies, strategies, the market and all other sorts of realistic factors out there. Everything has to be synchronised, well thought-out and agreed upon globally.
Generation 1: THE EMERGENCE (80s)
Even though the whole idea of cellular telephony was around since 1947, it wasn’t until the seventies that the technology was ready for a viable implementation (the wireless phones of the old age, the 0G as we know it today, weren’t cellular, i.e. there were no cell towers and cell structure).
Once the underlying technology was available, the stage was set for the first generation of mobile cellular communications to emerge. But into what world was it going to come? In a world where the telecommunications business was a national business (ahem, a monopoly). This is why the standards of 1G (it was still not called 1G, of course) varied over the continents and national borders, with NMT in Scandinavia, AMPS in USA, TACS in the UK, C-450 in Germany and NTT in Japan. They were developed from the early seventies in the national labs (e.g. Bell Labs in the US) to be officially accepted and put in action in late 70s or early 80s. From the technological side, it’s important to note that it was an analog technology: the revolution of 1G was its mere existence.
Generation 2: CELL GOES DIGITAL (90s)
The early nineties brought us GSM. That acronym (originally standing for Groupe Spécial Mobile, then edited to Global System for Mobile Communications) proliferated to the everyday use so much that it became (erroneously) synonymous to cellular telephony in some parts of the world. And there it was, the digital revolution of cell phones: GSM was fundamentally the digital standard to rule them all. It went on to unite Europe in the very beginning under a single umbrella, and continued with its worldwide proliferation to become the world’s most widely used mobile standard today. It is everywhere. Again, the development began early in the previous decade, now led by the united wireless forces of Europe. What it brought us right away was international roaming, SMS (texts) and sim cards (yes, 1G didn’t have those). It was hailed as the second generation mobile standard, so we got the 1G/2G nomenclature as well.
In 2G and all the generations to follow, we have to have a way to share a channel between multiple users: otherwise, there would be a maximum of around 50 users in a 10 mile cell. The approach selected in GSM was TDMA (time division multiple access), having different users use the same frequency in different time slots.
The relation between 2G and GSM isn’t an equivalence, though. While GSM was and still is a dominant standard (by the force of increasing returns), alternative TDMA and CDMA (code division multiple access, dividing the channel traffic based on pseudorandom codes given to users, army’s long used method of spread spectrum) schemes were employed around the world.
Now, the revolution vs. evolution story: 2G wasn’t frozen in time until early noughties and 3G. The space for an evolution was immediately recognised and it resulted in 2.5G and 2.75/2.9G. 2.5G was the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) into GSM, allowing packet switching: splitting the communication into data packets and sending them through a channel which is not occupied all the time, like in the previously used circuit switching. 2.9G took this a step further with Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution (EDGE) which, unsurprisingly, enhanced the data rate of GPRS by the factor of three by introducing a new modulation technique. The first viable internet connections over cellular come with these advancements of 2G data traffic.
Generation 3: THE RATES OF THE NEW MILLENIUM (00s)
Data rates of at least 200 kbit/s were set as a lowest limit for a solution that would be dubbed 3G. Voice was not enough anymore, and 2G’s digital revolution had to be matched by a new data revolution in the new millenium, enabling voice, video and internet in a mobile scenario. CDMA was the basis of the new 3G, and again we weren’t able to make one standard to rule them all: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) came in GSM-dominated markets, while CDMA2000 came as a successor of the already existing CDMA schemes in 2G. Both standards were developed from the early nineties.
EDGE could jump over the 200kbit/s threshold, but it was still a thing of the 2G past. The future was code divided.
Again, 3G went on a road to the next generation with significant improvements to the standard: 3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G. The threshold of 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation set by IMT-Advanced (4G official requirements) prevented these variants from becoming ‘true’ 4G. WiMAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+, coming after HSPA as 3.5G) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) were later ‘accepted’ as 4G (but yeah, that’s 3.9G), to recognise their advanced status and the clear difference with respect to traditional 3G. HSPA+, for instance, introduced multiple antennas at the base station (Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO), beamforming and other advanced antenna array techniques.
Generation 4: MAGIC (10s)
4G is MAGIC: Mobile multimedia, Anywhere, Global mobility solutions over Integrated wireless and Customized services. This convergence of multimedia (and pretty much everything goes) and technology was the idea of 4G. Wireless and wired (optical networks, anyone?) need a seamless interface, and so does everything wireless. 4G went with Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) to replace 3G’s CDMA as a way of sharing the communication channel.
And since LTE is an Evolution, the advanced versions of LTE (unsurprisingly called LTE-Advanced) reached all the strict requirements of IMT-Advanced for 4G. On their way, they introduced self organising networks, bigger MIMO, device-to-device (D2D) communication and quite a few other smart innovations.
And again, we havethe fractional parts: 4.5G and 4.9G marking the transition of LTE (in the stage called LTE-Advanced Pro) getting us more MIMO, more D2D on the way to IMT-2020 and the requirements of 5G.
Generation 5: ALL YOU CAN IOT DATA (20s)
Massive MIMO, milimetre wave, small cells, Li-Fi all the new technologies from the previous decade could be used to give 10Gb/s to a user, with an unseen low latency, and allow connections for at least 100 billion devices. New use cases await, including the pervasive Internet of Things (IoT) story and even more technology convergence. And Cognitive Radio! It’s not dead.
If we don’t get to use all the new and shiny tech for 5G, we can always leave it for 5.5G or 6G.
And that’s how the story of generations goes: there are incremental advances in communication technology on a daily basis, and substantial, even revolutionary ones every now and then, but they have to wait for the policies, strategies, the market and all other sorts of realistic factors out there. Everything has to be synchronised, well thought-out and agreed upon globally.
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